The powerful antidiabetic actions of the CNS leptin-melanocortin system are capable of normalizing plasma glucose even in the absence of insulin and involve interactions of multiple neuronal populations and intracellular signaling pathways. Although the links between the CNS leptin-melanocortin system and its chronic effects on peripheral tissue glucose metabolism are still uncertain, they are independent of insulin action, activation of the autonomic nervous system, or the PTA axis (Current Diabetes Reports volume)
Diabetes News
Category: Biochemistry
Effects of metformin, rosiglitazone and insulin on bone metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes
The choice of insulin treatment is not influencing BTMs, metformin treatment may decrease BTMs, and improvement of glycaemic control may influence bone resorption activity (Bone)
GABA Regulates Release of Inflammatory Cytokines From Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T Cells and Is Immunosuppressive in Type 1 Diabetes
The results identify GABA as a potent regulator of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokine secretion from human PBMCs and CD4+ T cells where GABA generally decreases the secretion (EBioMedicine)
Functional Characterization of Native, High-Affinity GABAA Receptors in Human Pancreatic β Cells
The findings reveal unique GABAA receptors signaling in human islets β cells that is GABA concentration-dependent, differentially regulated by drugs, modulates insulin secretion and is altered in T2D (EBioMedicine)
Gilbert syndrome in patients with type 1 diabetes – Prevalence, glycemic control, and microalbuminuria
The occurrence of GS was 3-fold higher among individuals with T1DM than in a healthy control group. Despite better glycemic control, the rate of microalbuminuria was similar among young individuals with T1DM and GS, and those with T1DM alone, suggesting no protective value to elevated bilirubin (Pediatric Diabetes)
Modulation of Glucagon Receptor Pharmacology by Receptor Activity-modifying Protein-2 (RAMP2)
RAMP2 regulates both ligand binding and G protein selectivity of the glucagon receptor (Journal of Biological Chemistry)
Relationship between the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), vitamin D levels, and insulin resistance in obese subjects
The LA-FINDRISC significantly correlated with both 25(OH)D levels and insulin resistance markers in this group of patients (Primary Care Diabetes)
Role of body iron stores in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes (109-page PDF)
Taken together, mildly elevated body iron plays a role in glucose metabolism derangement and prevalence and incidence of T2D (Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland)
Insulin resistance of protein anabolism accompanies that of glucose metabolism in lean, glucose-tolerant offspring of persons with type 2 diabetes
Resistance of whole-body protein anabolism (synthesis and net balance) accompanies resistance of glucose uptake in T2D-O. Mechanisms responsible, possible roles in the increased risk of developing diabetes, and its potential impact on long-term protein balance require definition (BMJ)
Determinants of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypomagnesemia is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes patients. Plasma triglycerides and glucose levels are major determinants of the plasma Mg2+ concentration, whereas only a minor part (<10%) of hypomagnesemia can be explained by drug intake, excluding polypharmacy as a major cause for hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes (EMJ)
The RNA-binding protein vigilin regulates VLDL secretion through modulation of Apob mRNA translation
These studies uncover a role for vigilin as a key regulator of hepatic Apob translation and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting vigilin for cardiovascular diseases (Nature Communications)
Brain lactate concentration falls in response to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia
The fall in brain lactate is compatible with increased brain lactate oxidation providing an alternative fuel source during hypoglycemia, which may contribute to impaired detection of hypoglycemia (Diabetes)
Mechanisms underlying glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion
Although the success of GLP-1 analogs/mimetics in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the correlation of strongly elevated postprandial GLP-1 levels after Roux-Y gastric bypass surgery strongly suggests benefits of recruiting endogenous GLP-1 reserves as a not yet exploited treatment alternative, the situation for GIP is less clear (Journal of Diabetes Investigation)
Vitamin D status is associated with skin autofluorescence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a preliminary report
Vitamin D status is independently associated with skin auto fluorescence in patients with well-controlled T2DM. No effect was seen on the amount of skin AGEs after a short period of 6 months vitamin D supplementation. Further research with longer follow-up and measurement of circulating advanced glycation end products is needed to elucidate the causality of the association (Cardiovascular Diabetology)
Effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on Insulin Resistance and β Cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients
Our results further demonstrated a low serum 25(OH)D3 concentration in patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. 25(OH)D3 deficiency is associated with disturbances in glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism (Journal of Diabetes Investigation)
Plasma Levels of MASP-1 and MASP-2 are Elevated in Type 1 Diabetes and Correlate with Glycaemic Control
MASP-1 and MASP-2 levels were significantly higher in children and adults with T1DM than in their respective control groups (Clinical and Experimental Immunology)
Early phase glucagon and insulin secretory abnormalities, but not incretin secretion, are similarly responsible for hyperglycemia after ingestion of nutrients
Disordered early phase insulin and glucagon secretions but not incretin secretion are involved in hyperglycemia after ingestion of nutrients in T2DM of even a short duration (Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications)
Glucose uptake in brown fat cells is dependent on mTOR complex 2–promoted GLUT1 translocation
Brown adipose tissue is the primary site for thermogenesis and can consume, in addition to free fatty acids, a very high amount of glucose from the blood, which can both acutely and chronically affect glucose homeostasis Journal of Cell Biology)
Association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and incident type 2 diabetes: a mendelian randomisation study
The association between 25(OH)D concentration and type 2 diabetes is unlikely to be causal (The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology)
HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibition, type 2 diabetes, and bodyweight
Evidence from genetic analysis and randomised trials (The Lancet)
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